12B-1 Fund

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12b-1 Fund: What It Means and How It Works

What is a 12b-1 fund?

A 12b-1 fund is a mutual fund that charges shareholders a recurring 12b-1 fee to pay for distribution and marketing expenses. These fees are taken from the fund’s assets and appear as part of the fund’s expense ratio. Because the cost is paid out of the fund rather than charged at sale, 12b-1 fees are sometimes described as a “level load.”

How the fee works

  • Purpose: Covers marketing, advertising, printing/mailing prospectuses, and commissions or payments to brokers and other intermediaries who sell the fund.
  • Calculation: Usually expressed as an annual percentage of the fund’s average net assets.
  • Disclosure: Funds must show 12b-1 fees in the prospectus and fee tables.

Types and limits

  • Distribution/marketing fees: FINRA limits the portion used for marketing and distribution to 0.75% of average net assets per year.
  • Shareholder service fees: Fees for investor support and account servicing are capped by FINRA at 0.25% per year. These can be authorized within a 12b-1 plan (then shown as part of the 12b-1 fee) or paid separately (then shown under “Other expenses”).
  • Regulatory note: The SEC’s Rule 12b-1 authorizes the practice but does not itself set fee amounts; FINRA rules (and fund disclosures) govern specific caps and presentation.

Investor impact

  • Cost drag: Because 12b-1 fees reduce assets available for investors, they lower returns over time.
  • “Dead weight” criticism: Many advisors view 12b-1 fees as unnecessary when low-cost alternatives exist; a small portion of these fees often goes to actual advertising and more to sales compensation.
  • Visibility: Fees are embedded in the expense ratio, so investors may overlook them unless they review the prospectus or fee table.

How to evaluate funds with 12b-1 fees

  • Check the prospectus: Look for “12b-1 fee,” “distribution fee,” or “service fee” in the fee table.
  • Compare total expense ratios: A fund with a 12b-1 fee may still be reasonably priced overall, but compare against no-load and low-cost alternatives.
  • Consider alternatives: Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and many index mutual funds now offer lower-cost options without recurring distribution fees.
  • Ask about compensation: If working through a broker or advisor, ask whether the 12b-1 fee funds sales commissions or ongoing advisor pay.

Key takeaways

  • A 12b-1 fee is an annual charge taken from a fund’s assets to pay distribution, marketing, and sometimes shareholder service costs.
  • FINRA caps distribution-related 12b-1 charges at 0.75% and shareholder service fees at 0.25% per year.
  • These fees reduce investor returns and have declined in popularity as low-cost mutual funds and ETFs have become more available.
  • Always review a fund’s prospectus and total expense ratio and compare alternatives before investing.