Skip to content

Indian Exam Hub

Building The Largest Database For Students of India & World

Menu
  • Main Website
  • Free Mock Test
  • Fee Courses
  • Live News
  • Indian Polity
  • Shop
  • Cart
    • Checkout
  • Checkout
  • Youtube
Menu

Discrete Distribution

Posted on October 16, 2025October 22, 2025 by user

Discrete Distribution

A discrete distribution is a probability distribution defined over a countable set of outcomes (for example: 0, 1, 2, …, or labels such as success/failure, yes/no). Each outcome has an associated probability; the probabilities are nonnegative and sum to 1. Discrete distributions are used to model counts and categorical events and contrast with continuous distributions, which assign probabilities over an uncountable continuum of values.

Key points

  • Discrete outcomes are countable (finite or countably infinite); continuous outcomes form a continuum.
  • Common discrete distributions: Bernoulli, binomial, multinomial, Poisson (plus negative binomial, geometric, hypergeometric).
  • Discrete distributions are widely used in statistics, simulations (e.g., Monte Carlo), and finance (e.g., binomial option pricing, modeling rare events).

Common discrete distributions

  • Bernoulli
    A single trial with two outcomes: success (1) or failure (0). Used to model one-off yes/no events (e.g., whether an investment succeeds).

    Explore More Resources

    • › Read more Government Exam Guru
    • › Free Thousands of Mock Test for Any Exam
    • › Live News Updates
    • › Read Books For Free
  • Binomial
    Number of successes in n independent Bernoulli trials with success probability p. PMF: P(X = k) = C(n, k) p^k (1 − p)^(n−k). Used in many areas including binomial tree models for option pricing.

  • Multinomial
    Generalization of the binomial to experiments with more than two categorical outcomes. Records counts for each category over n trials.

    Explore More Resources

    • › Read more Government Exam Guru
    • › Free Thousands of Mock Test for Any Exam
    • › Live News Updates
    • › Read Books For Free
  • Poisson
    Models the count of events occurring in a fixed interval when events occur independently and at a constant average rate λ. PMF: P(X = k) = e^(−λ) λ^k / k!. Useful for modeling rare or low-count events (e.g., number of trades per day).

  • Others
    Negative binomial (counts until a fixed number of successes), geometric (trials until first success), hypergeometric (sampling without replacement).

    Explore More Resources

    • › Read more Government Exam Guru
    • › Free Thousands of Mock Test for Any Exam
    • › Live News Updates
    • › Read Books For Free

How to calculate discrete probabilities

  1. Identify the sample space of countable outcomes and the event of interest.
  2. Assign probabilities to each outcome so that 0 ≤ P(X = x) ≤ 1 and Σ_x P(X = x) = 1.
  3. Use the appropriate probability mass function (PMF) for the chosen distribution (e.g., binomial or Poisson formulas above).

Examples:
– Coin flipped twice: sample space {HH, HT, TH, TT}. Each equally likely if fair coin: P(HT) = 1/4.
– Two dice summed: possible sums 2–12 with probabilities:
* P(2) = 1/36, P(3) = 2/36, P(4) = 3/36, P(5) = 4/36, P(6) = 5/36, P(7) = 6/36,
* P(8) = 5/36, P(9) = 4/36, P(10) = 3/36, P(11) = 2/36, P(12) = 1/36.

Discrete vs. continuous distributions

  • Discrete: probabilities concentrated on separate points; visualized as bars (histogram or PMF).
  • Continuous: probabilities spread over intervals; described by a probability density function (PDF) and shown as a curve. A continuous distribution assigns probability to ranges (areas under the curve), not to single points.

Applications and modeling

  • Finance: binomial trees for option pricing, Poisson models for rare events (market shocks, low-frequency trades), and discrete-event simulations.
  • Simulation: Monte Carlo simulations produce discrete distributions whenever inputs or outcomes take discrete values; those distributions help quantify risk and trade-offs.

How to recognize a discrete distribution

  • Outcomes are a listable set (integers, categories).
  • Probabilities are assigned to individual outcomes, not to intervals of real numbers.
  • The sum of the probabilities over all possible outcomes equals 1.

Frequently asked questions

  • What are the requirements for a discrete probability distribution?
    Outcomes must be countable; each outcome’s probability must be between 0 and 1; the total probability across all outcomes must equal 1.

    Explore More Resources

    • › Read more Government Exam Guru
    • › Free Thousands of Mock Test for Any Exam
    • › Live News Updates
    • › Read Books For Free
  • When should I use a discrete model?
    Use a discrete model when the data or event you’re modeling produces countable or categorical outcomes (e.g., number of defaults, counts of trades, categorical survey responses).

  • What is a discrete probability model?
    A statistical model that uses a discrete distribution (PMF) to predict or describe the probabilities of possible countable outcomes.

    Explore More Resources

    • › Read more Government Exam Guru
    • › Free Thousands of Mock Test for Any Exam
    • › Live News Updates
    • › Read Books For Free

Bottom line

Discrete distributions model countable outcomes and are fundamental tools for analyzing categorical data, counts, and event frequencies. Choosing the correct discrete distribution and applying its PMF allows practitioners to estimate probabilities, conduct simulations, and make decisions under uncertainty.

Youtube / Audibook / Free Courese

  • Financial Terms
  • Geography
  • Indian Law Basics
  • Internal Security
  • International Relations
  • Uncategorized
  • World Economy
Economy Of NigerOctober 15, 2025
Economy Of South KoreaOctober 15, 2025
Protection OfficerOctober 15, 2025
Surface TensionOctober 14, 2025
Uniform Premarital Agreement ActOctober 19, 2025
Economy Of SingaporeOctober 15, 2025