First Notice of Loss (FNOL): What It Is and How to File

Definition

A First Notice of Loss (FNOL) is the initial report you make to your insurance company when an insured asset is lost, stolen, or damaged. Filing an FNOL officially starts the claims process and puts the insurer on notice to investigate and consider a settlement.

How FNOL Works

• FNOL can usually be submitted by phone, online portal, mobile app, email, or mail—options vary by insurer.
• The insurer opens a claim file, assigns a claim number, and may assign an adjuster to assess the loss.
• Timely reporting typically speeds investigation and settlement.

Information to Prepare Before Filing

Collect as much documentation as possible before contacting your insurer:
– Policy number and contact information
– Date, time, and exact location of the incident
– Clear, contemporaneous description of what happened
– Photos or videos of damage and (if available) pre-loss photos
– Police or incident report number (if applicable)
– Contact details for witnesses and other parties involved (including their insurance info for auto claims)
– Receipts, serial numbers, purchase records, or other proof of ownership
– Any emergency repairs performed (keep receipts)

Practical Filing Tips

• Document the scene immediately (photos, notes about conditions).
• If police respond, ask how to obtain the report.
• When filing by phone, take notes: claim number, representative name, and next steps.
• Ask what additional documentation will be required and expected timelines.

What to Expect After Filing

• An adjuster may inspect losses, ask follow-up questions, and take photos.
• The insurer may request additional documents; respond promptly to avoid delays.
• After review, the insurer will either approve and pay a settlement or deny the claim and explain the reason.
• If you disagree with a denial or settlement, you can appeal through the insurer and, if necessary, file a complaint with your state insurance regulator.

Understanding Settlement Types

• Actual Cash Value (ACV): payout equals current depreciated value of the item.
• Replacement Cost: payout covers the cost to replace the item without depreciation (often available as an endorsement).
• Homeowners claims may be paid in multiple installments (initial funds for urgent repairs, then property and final construction costs).
• Electronic payments (direct deposit or card-based) are common and typically faster than paper checks.

How Technology Enhances FNOL

• Many insurers offer mobile apps and online portals to submit FNOL, upload photos, chat with adjusters, and track claim status.
• Digital claim submission and electronic payments can accelerate processing and settlement.

Important Considerations

• File promptly: insurers or state laws may impose time limits for reporting losses and submitting required forms.
• Claims history can affect future premiums; weigh the long-term cost of filing small claims versus paying out of pocket.
• Always provide accurate and truthful information—false statements can lead to denial or other consequences.
• Keep copies of all communications and documents related to the claim.

Common Questions

• What’s the difference between FNOL and proof of loss?
• FNOL is the initial report that starts the claims process. Proof of loss is a later, detailed statement (often a form) documenting the scope and value of losses, submitted to support payment.
• Can an insurer reject a proof of loss?
• Yes, if the proof of loss contains false information, is incomplete, or is filed after contractual or statutory deadlines, the insurer may deny the claim. Some state rules limit denials based solely on late filing, so check local regulations.

Bottom Line

Filing a clear, timely FNOL is the essential first step to getting a claim processed. Prepare evidence, document the incident, follow insurer instructions, and respond quickly to requests. Understand how your policy calculates settlements and consider the potential impact on future premiums before filing small claims.