Historic Structure: Definition, Criteria, and How It Works
What is a historic structure?
A historic structure is a type of historic property recognized by the National Register of Historic Places. Unlike a building used primarily as a residence or shelter, the term “structure” covers constructed features such as bridges, canals, ships, locomotives, mines, and highways that are significant because of their association with important events, people, design, or information about the past.
Common examples
- Bridges and tunnels
- Canals and aqueducts
- Ships, locomotives, and other vehicles
- Mines and industrial works
- Roads, highways, and related infrastructure
How designation works
Properties and structures are nominated for listing on the National Register through the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) where they are located. A nomination typically documents:
* Historical and current uses
Architectural classification and materials
Significance and integrity
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To be listed, the property must meet at least one of the National Register’s criteria (below). Listing can make properties eligible for preservation grants, tax incentives, and technical assistance, but it may also bring local restrictions on alterations, especially within designated historic districts.
The National Register’s four criteria
A structure may qualify if it meets at least one of the following:
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- Association with events that have made a significant contribution to broad patterns of history.
- Association with the lives of persons significant in our past.
- Embodiment of distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; representation of the work of a master; possession of high artistic values; or representation of a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.
- Capacity to yield important information in prehistory or history (for example, archaeological value).
These criteria aim to preserve structures with clear cultural, historical, architectural, or informational importance rather than simply because they are old.
Implications of listing
- Preservation incentives: owners may qualify for grants, tax credits, or technical assistance to restore or maintain historic structures.
- Regulatory considerations: local or state historic district rules may restrict alterations to preserve integrity.
- Recognition: listing provides formal recognition and can raise public awareness and support for preservation.
Quick facts
- There are more than 2,600 National Historic Landmarks in the United States.
- A property needs to meet only one of the four National Register criteria to be eligible.
How to start a nomination
- Contact the State Historic Preservation Office for guidance and nomination forms.
- Assemble documentation describing the property’s history, architecture, and significance.
- Submit the nomination to the SHPO; it will be reviewed and, if recommended, forwarded to the National Park Service for listing.
Takeaways
- A historic structure is a non-shelter constructed resource recognized for its historical, architectural, or informational significance.
- Official designation follows a nomination process and requires meeting at least one defined criterion.
- Designation brings both preservation incentives and potential restrictions.
Sources: National Park Service — National Register of Historic Places materials; Internal Revenue Service guidance on historic preservation incentives.