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Introduction “Amendment” is the constitutional and legislative mechanism by which a legal order is altered, refined or corrected to meet changing social needs, political choices or judicial pronouncements. In India, the word most frequently evokes Article 368 of the Constitution and the formidable jurisprudence that has developed around the scope and limits of Parliament’s constituent…

Introduction Allocable surplus is a central technical concept under the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (PBA). It determines the quantum of profits out of which bonus is distributable to employees. Precise computation of allocable surplus — and its interaction with concepts such as available surplus, set‑offs for past losses and transfers to reserves — is…

Introduction Akshaya Tritiya is a widely observed spring festival in Hindu and Jain communities, traditionally regarded as an auspicious day for starting new ventures — including the solemnisation of marriages. From a legal perspective in India, Akshaya Tritiya is not merely a cultural calendar entry: it is a high-risk temporal flashpoint when families accelerate or…

Introduction Aided school is a deceptively simple phrase with complex legal consequences in India. At its core an aided school is privately established but receives full or part government funding; that funding converts private initiative into a public interest enterprise and draws the institution into a hybrid regulatory space between private autonomy and public control….

Introduction “Aggrieved person” is a short, potent phrase that recurs across Indian statutes and litigation. At root it captures standing — the legal capacity to sue or seek relief — by reference to a person who has suffered a legally cognisable wrong. But its effect is context‑specific: different statutes and branches of law (civil, criminal,…

Introduction Affray is a public-order offence that sits at the intersection of private violence and public tranquillity. In practice, it is deployed where physical fighting in a publicly accessible place disturbs the peace of the neighbourhood. For litigators — both prosecution and defence — affray raises questions of precise pleading, proof of “public place” and…

Introduction Affinity denotes the kinship created between a person and the blood relatives of his or her spouse by virtue of marriage. In Indian practice, affinity is not a mere sociological label: it determines legal rights and liabilities across matrimonial validity, domestic relations, criminal prosecution for family cruelty, maintenance claims, custody disputes and reliefs under…

Introduction An affidavit is a written statement of fact sworn or affirmed to be true by the person making it (the deponent) before a competent authority. In Indian litigation and quasi-judicial practice, the affidavit is the workhorse of procedure: it supports interim applications, verifies pleadings, furnishes documentary narratives, and often substitutes for oral evidence where…

Introduction The Advocate‑General is the chief legal officer of a State under the Constitution of India. Though constitutionally a state office, the Advocate‑General performs functions that are both advisory (to the Governor and State executive) and adversarial (representing the State in litigation). In practice the office is central to constitutional litigation involving State action, to…

Introduction Adultery — in the plain, descriptive sense — is voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and a person who is not that married person’s spouse. Despite its apparent simplicity, the legal status of adultery in India has undergone a fundamental shift in the last decade. Once treated as a criminal offence under the…

Introduction Adulterated products—goods to which an extraneous or inferior substance has been added, or from which a vital ingredient has been removed—are a recurring and high‑stakes problem in Indian law. They strike at public health, consumer confidence and the integrity of markets. For practitioners, “adulteration” is not just a regulatory label: it is the doorway…

Introduction “Adolescent” is not merely a sociological term in Indian law: it is a category that triggers distinct rights, duties, procedural safeguards and prohibitions across multiple statutes — criminal, social welfare, labour and family law. For practitioners, the stakes are practical and immediate: the classification of a person as an “adolescent” (typically falling between 14…

Introduction An “Administrator” in Indian law is a functional and legal chameleon: in private law it denotes the person appointed by a court to collect, preserve and distribute the estate of a deceased person where no executor is available; in public constitutional law it denotes the person appointed by the President to exercise executive authority…

Adjournment Introduction Adjournment is the judicial act of postponing further hearing of a cause to a later date. In Indian practice it is one of the most frequently invoked procedural devices — used legitimately to secure fair preparation and, abused, as an instrument of delay. For practitioners, mastering the law and etiquette of adjournments is…

Introduction An “addict” in Indian law is not merely a social label but a legally significant status with consequences across criminal, civil and health-law spheres. Recognition of addiction shapes investigation, evidence-gathering, charging, bail and sentencing, and it triggers statutory entitlements to medical treatment and rehabilitation. For practitioners handling NDPS matters, criminal defence, probation applications, custodial…

Introduction Actionable claim is a core private-law concept with outsized practical importance in civil litigation, debt recovery, banking practice and commercial transactions in India. Properly understood, it determines who may sue, what can be assigned, how creditors and assignees enforce rights, and the procedural route for recovery. Misconceptions—especially conflating actionable claims with interests in immovable…

Introduction “Act of God” is a short-hand legal phrase for natural events of extraordinary magnitude and unpredictability that interrupt human affairs — earthquakes, cyclones, floods, lightning strikes, volcanic eruptions and the like. In Indian law the concept appears across contract, tort and regulatory contexts as both a shield (a defence) and as a trigger for…

Introduction Abetment is a core concept in Indian criminal law that gauges secondary liability for wrongdoing. It captures those who do not commit the principal actus reus themselves but who, by instigation, conspiracy or intentional aid, make the commission of an offence possible or more likely. For practitioners, mastery of abetment is essential: it determines…

Introduction An “addict” in Indian law is not merely a social label but a legally significant status with consequences across criminal, civil and health-law spheres. Recognition of addiction shapes investigation, evidence-gathering, charging, bail and sentencing, and it triggers statutory entitlements to medical treatment and rehabilitation. For practitioners handling NDPS matters, criminal defence, probation applications, custodial…